Nature of Indian Agriculture

Nature of Indian Agriculture:-

The agriculture in India was totally backward at the time of independence. Due to the application of old age and traditional techniques applied in agriculture, the productive was very poor. A very negligible amount of fertilizer (0.66 lakhs in 1952-53) was also applied on agriculture. Due to low productivity, agriculture could mange only substance living to Indian farmers. There are certain factors which are responsible for this poor and backward condition of Indian agriculture. That are broadly discuss as follows:-

1)Feudal character of production:-

At the time of independence, the land tenure system were mostly of zamindari mahalwari and ryotwari type. In this type of system most of the land portion of total area (i.e. about 57%) had in them. The landlord (like zamindars) becoming the ruling class in India. They exploiting the agricultural workers and the tenants. 50% of the total cultivated land is in the category of under written or oral tenants.

2) Dualism in labour market:-

As we know there are two type of market that is 'good market' and 'labour market'.

dualism in labour market become prevalent in India as due to excessive pressure of population on land. It means the level of wages in the agricultural sector become considerably lower in comparison to that of industrial sector. Such Dualism is in existence in Indian agriculture due to ignorance of better opportunity outside agriculture and due to their inability to work in a modern industrial sector.

3) Growing indepthness and usurious capital:-

In Indian agriculture the use of capital is quite huge in volume and this leads to growing indebtedness among the poor farmers. During the pre independence period, moneylender and mahajans are supplying the entire portion of agricultural credit at a most high rate of interest leading to exploitation of farmers. After independence the government introduce various steps (such as :- development of cooperative credit society, participation of banks in rising rural credit etc.) What all this could not benefit the small and marginal farmers. Which leads to continue depend on village money lenders. Usurious capital in agricultural credit is responsible for growing rural indebtedness in the country.

4) Orthodox farming techniques:-

Major person of the agricultural operations are still depending on biological source of energy. i.e. human and animal labour, rainwater and organic manure. After the adoption of new agricultural strategy in 1966, modern techniques of production were introduced in some state (like Punjab,Haryana,western U.P.), but new technical most costly. As a result interpersonal technological dualism also started. In other words rich farmer use modern technique of production and poor, small and marginal farmer unable to afford costly techniques and they uses orthodox farming technique.

5) Fluctuation in agricultural output:-

dependence of Indian agriculture on monsoons is the most important factor responsible for the large-scale fluctuations in agricultural output. Net irrigated area of Indian economy has increased from 20.8 million hectares (approx 17%) in 1950-51 to 102.8 million hectares (approx 61%) in 2006-07. And remaining 39% of the net sown area still continue to depend on rainfall. Such fluctuation in agricultural output is more in pre green revolution period (1950-65). And its increase (output) in the pre green revolution period (1966-85).

6) Diversities in Indian agriculture:-

Different regions of the country are having lot of differences in there are natural condition such as- soil content, magnitude of rainfall, water availability etc. Show me area are facing drought conditions where as some other area are facing occurrence of floods. Sumo area are facing problem of waterlogging and salinity. Moreover, existence of difference in land tenure system, labour relations among States, fragmentation of holdings etc. are the factor that responsible for large diversities in Indian agriculture.

7) Instability in agricultural prices:-

Most of the farmer gain low profit or no profit as because of instability in agricultural prices. Sometimes government's policy and decision on agricultural prices.  made is force the economy to charge high cost and left low price (i.e. flood, drought, tsunami). As a result there are seen of instable prices in agriculture. so government should be give importance while making policy that, stability in prices of agriculture. as a result it is not only profitable to growers, but also to the consumers, exporters, agro based industries etc.

8) Backwardness in Indian agriculture:-

Indian agriculture is known to be backward. As because of orthodox farming, exploitation of active labourers, inadequate irrigation, unorganised agricultural market and price, agricultural indebtness etc.